{"id":6434,"date":"2025-06-17T07:20:13","date_gmt":"2025-06-17T07:20:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/?p=6434"},"modified":"2025-07-13T08:46:43","modified_gmt":"2025-07-13T08:46:43","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6-%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-111\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-112\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-112\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-113\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-113\"><a href=\"http:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-7047\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7047\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-114\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-114\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-10\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-10\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b5%d8%a9\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-115\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-115\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-116\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-116\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-11\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-117\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-117\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629-\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629-\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n\t<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-776\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-776\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-777\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-777\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-778\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-778\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-780\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-780\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629-\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u062a\u0635\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-781\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-781\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t\t<li id=\"menu-item-779\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-779\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644-\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644-\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629-\u0648-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-118\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-118\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-119\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-119\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-14\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-12\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-12\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-1710\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1710\"><a href=\"#pll_switcher\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>                <button class=\"eael-simple-menu-toggle\">\n                    <span class=\"sr-only \">Hamburger Toggle Menu<\/span>\n                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d924d05 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d924d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c91d1b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c91d1b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\n<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4baf3eb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4baf3eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-558a13a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"558a13a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7c36d5 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b7c36d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=NkVb-KMAAAAJ\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/ranen-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6436\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=NkVb-KMAAAAJ\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628: \u062f.  \u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0641<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 -<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8ebbed elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e8ebbed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8b3bff elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"d8b3bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1HcnpAzpx71x-\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u062f.-\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-5480\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628: \u062f.  \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 -<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4af2e75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4af2e75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27816db elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"27816db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d533b57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d533b57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-427d2d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"427d2d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b974da5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b974da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627&#8230;<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p><p>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p><strong><u>1- \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/u><\/strong><\/p><ul><li>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d.<\/li><li>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644 6 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0635\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0640 %(60-70) 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\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/li><li><strong><u>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645:<\/u><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644<\/strong><strong>\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 FRP (\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f) \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 GPa (800-200) \u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1)\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0641 Polyacrylonitrile \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 C(3500\u0652-1000)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644(1) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6438 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"233\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (1) \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (1) \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><table width=\"100%\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"19%\"><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"20%\"><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f (<\/strong><strong>MPa<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p><strong>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Gpa<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 %<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"19%\"><p><strong>\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"20%\"><p>1600-2100<\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p>700-7500<\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p>200-800<\/p><\/td><td width=\"19%\"><p>0.4-2.5<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634.\u062f<\/p><p>\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627: \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 U \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 (2) \u0648(3) \u0648 (4) \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (2) \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 U \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6440\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"153\" height=\"146\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6439\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"202\" height=\"180\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6443\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"164\" height=\"181\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6442\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"202\" height=\"182\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (2) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (3) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0630\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6444\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture7-300x188.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture7-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture7.png 306w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6445\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"295\" height=\"192\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(3) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0630\u0648\u0641<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (4) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6446 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"501\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture9.png 501w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture9-300x151.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(4) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a (<\/strong><strong>Ferro-cement<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>1- \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a (Ferro-cement) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1848\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062a (Joseph Louis Lambot) \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a (Pie Luigi Nervi) \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a (IFS) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1972\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a (ACI) \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(5).<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6447\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture10.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"119\" height=\"169\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6448\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture11.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"162\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-6449\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"212\" height=\"169\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(5) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Mortar)<\/strong>: \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1:1.5 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1:3\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<strong>\u060c <\/strong>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/li><li><strong>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d<\/strong><strong> :(Wire Mesh)<\/strong>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 mm(5-1.5) )\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0629)\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 %(2-8) \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631 mm(6-8) \u0643\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>2- \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/p><ol><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641<\/strong>: \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 (3-5) \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 mm(10-50).<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 GPa(10-20).<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/li><li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>3-\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a:<\/p><ul><li>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a)<\/li><li>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642).<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a).<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644).<\/li><\/ul><p>\u064a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (6) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6450 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture13.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"129\" height=\"166\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6451 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture14.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6452 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture15.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"117\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6453 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture16.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"110\" height=\"163\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (6) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>4-\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>4-1.\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/li><li>\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d: \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>4-2.\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a 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alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture17.png 476w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture17-300x178.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (7)\u00a0 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>5-\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0630\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p><p><strong>1-\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647 (\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062c\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (8) \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p><p><strong>1-1 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li><li>\u062a\u062e\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d: \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062e\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li><li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d: \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/li><li>\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631.<\/li><li>\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u00a0(self-compacting concrete)<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629: \u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>2-1 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/li><li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>1-3 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649.<\/li><li>\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/li><li>\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6455 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture18.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"143\" height=\"216\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6456 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"167\" height=\"224\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6457 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f-\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"152\" height=\"223\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (8) \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> (Steel Plate Bonding)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p><p><strong><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (1-10)mm \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 (\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a ( \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 (\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(9).<\/p><p><strong>1.2.\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a5mm \u0644\u0643\u0644 mm<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629: \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u00ba5-35))\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 (30-60)min<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a :\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 mm(1-3) \u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<strong>:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li><\/ol><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6458 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"435\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d.png 435w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645-\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d-300x229.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(9) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Steel Jacketing<\/strong><strong>):<\/strong> \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629) \u0628\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 mm(5-25) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3-1.\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/strong><strong>\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0642 (Confinement)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>3.2.\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 mm10-50 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064d \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 40-150% \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 200% \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6459 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture22.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"476\" height=\"223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture22.png 476w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture22-300x141.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6460 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture23.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"305\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture23.png 305w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture23-300x211.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 305px) 100vw, 305px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(10) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> :(Steel Bracing) <\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<strong>\u00a04.1.\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d. \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645:<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> :(Diagonal Bracing)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong><strong> X (X-Bracing)<\/strong>:<\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641 X\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong><strong> K (K-Bracing)<\/strong>:<\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0641 K\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0641<\/strong><strong> V <\/strong><strong>\u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0643\u0644<\/strong><strong> V <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/strong><strong> (V-Bracing &amp; Inverted V-Bracing)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0641 V \u0623\u0648 V \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628<\/strong><strong> (Moment Frame Bracing)<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629(\u060c \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p><ul><li><strong>\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c<\/strong><strong> :(Buckling-Restrained Braces &#8211; BRB)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644(11) \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6461 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture24.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture24.png 480w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture24-300x161.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (11) \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2-4<\/strong> <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/li><li>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639: \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629.\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628<strong>: <\/strong>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>4-3 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u060c\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Andres Carolin ,&#8221;Strengthening of Concrete Structure with CFRP Shear Strengthening and Full-Scale Application&#8221;, Lulea University of technology, Swedan,2001.<\/li><li>Alakkari, M.Mansor \u201cStudy and Analyzing Stresses Concrete Elements Under Bending and Shear, Strengthening by Polymers Using Photoelastic\u201d Homs uveversity,2013.<\/li><li>Aldarf,I Altasha ,M. Alallaf \u201cStrenghening of Reinforced Concrete Ciricular Columns Using a steel Structure And Exposed To Central Pressure\u201d Homs uveversity,2019.<\/li><li>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a .2008<\/li><li>\u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 2008.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64bc97e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"64bc97e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f7324 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95f7324\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753fab0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"753fab0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a9fa8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a3a9fa8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6f1b5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7d6f1b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ca7748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ca7748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea93ee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea93ee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u00a0 \u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #0076af;\"><a style=\"color: #0076af;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89befbf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89befbf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc31873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc31873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 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