{"id":6776,"date":"2025-08-12T10:05:31","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T10:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/?p=6776"},"modified":"2025-08-12T10:12:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T10:12:32","slug":"economic-engineering-of-syrias-housing-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/en\/economic-engineering-of-syrias-housing-system\/","title":{"rendered":"Economic Engineering of Syria\u2019s Housing System"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6776\" class=\"elementor elementor-6776\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81115d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"81115d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-882f695 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" 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koshaji<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Faculty of Administrative and Financial Sciences-Al-Wataniya Private University<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79f83b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"79f83b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db63048 elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"db63048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Home<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Scientific articles for the Faculty of Administrative<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Scientific research for the Faculty of Administrative<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-dot-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm80 248c0 44.112-35.888 80-80 80s-80-35.888-80-80 35.888-80 80-80 80 35.888 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Scientific biographies<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab492d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cab492d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-022efa2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"022efa2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 19px;\"><strong>Economic Engineering of Syria\u2019s Housing System<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p><strong>Introduction:<\/strong><\/p><p>The housing crisis in Syria represents one of the most entrenched economic consequences of the former political regime. It intertwines urban and social dimensions with the failure of national economic policies. The absence of a coherent housing strategy for decades, compounded by widespread destruction of housing units, has transformed housing from a basic human right into a prerequisite for socioeconomic development. Nearly one-third of residential units in Syrian cities have been destroyed, signaling long-term structural implications for population and economic balance.<\/p><p><strong>Diagnosing the Roots of the Crisis:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Urban Planning Deficiency:<\/strong> Urban planning failed to keep pace with population growth, shrinking horizontal and vertical expansion areas and freezing real estate investment.<\/li><li><strong>Land Hoarding:<\/strong> A group of traders monopolized zoned lands, leaving them undeveloped to inflate future asset values, stifling housing market dynamics.<\/li><li><strong>Absence of Organized Rental Housing:<\/strong> Lack of long-term rental models forced people to pursue ownership, resulting in inflated demand and unjustified price bubbles.<\/li><li><strong>War and Internal Displacement:<\/strong> The war caused widespread destruction and massive displacement to urban centers. World Bank data show that 27\u201333% of Syrian housing units have been destroyed \u2014 over 470,000 buildings in 16 cities.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Economic Challenges:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Soaring Rents:<\/strong> Monthly rent in Damascus ranges between $650\u2013800, about 300% of average annual income.<\/li><li><strong>Reconstruction Costs:<\/strong> Renovation of a single house costs around 50 million Syrian pounds, with destruction rates reaching 70% in some districts.<\/li><li><strong>Construction Decline:<\/strong> Residential building permits dropped by 56% in 2022, and only 8,633 units were completed, indicating deep stagnation.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Regulatory and Legislative Issues:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Rental Law Gaps:<\/strong> Law No. 20 of 2015 granted landlords near-total control over rental terms, fueling price surges and forced evictions.<\/li><li><strong>Weak Oversight:<\/strong> Poor enforcement of Law No. 59 (2008) allowed unlicensed companies lacking technical and financial credibility to dominate, leading to speculation and development paralysis.<\/li><li><strong>Legal Overlap:<\/strong> Contradictory real estate regulations deter serious investors and hinder government efforts to balance supply and demand.<\/li><li><strong>Property Records:<\/strong> Outdated records and unclear ownership (due to displacement and destruction) hamper reconstruction.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Table 1: Demographic and Housing Indicators (Mid-2025)<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Indicator<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Figures<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Source<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Total Population<\/p><\/td><td><p>25.62 million<\/p><\/td><td><p>Worldometer (mid-2025)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Annual Population Growth<\/p><\/td><td><p>+947,667 (3.84%)<\/p><\/td><td><p>Demographic Estimates (2025)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Destroyed\/Damaged Buildings<\/p><\/td><td><p>470,000+<\/p><\/td><td><p>World Bank (2022)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Returnees (2024\u20132025)<\/p><\/td><td><p>1.7 million<\/p><\/td><td><p>UNHCR (July 2025)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>House Renovation Cost<\/p><\/td><td><p>50 million SYP (~$4,545)<\/p><\/td><td><p>UNHCR (2023)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Annual Housing Demand<\/p><\/td><td><p>100,000+ units<\/p><\/td><td><p>Syrian Central Bank (July 2025)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Reconstruction Cost<\/p><\/td><td><p>$110 billion (housing only)<\/p><\/td><td><p>Ammar Youssef (April 2025)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0Social Impact:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Delayed Marriage:<\/strong> 76% of Syrian youth postpone marriage due to the absence of independent housing.<\/li><li><strong>Reverse Displacement Risk:<\/strong> About 70% of returnees risk leaving again due to inadequate housing, undermining reconstruction efforts and societal recovery.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>International Models of Housing Recovery:<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Country<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Policy<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Results<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p><strong>Lessons for Syria<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>New Zealand<\/p><\/td><td><p>Land re-zoning for vertical housing<\/p><\/td><td><p>Increased supply, lower prices<\/p><\/td><td><p>Update urban planning models<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Mexico<\/p><\/td><td><p>Rental subsidies over ownership<\/p><\/td><td><p>Rental market stability<\/p><\/td><td><p>Promote sustainable rental culture<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Colorado<\/p><\/td><td><p>Removed parking space requirements<\/p><\/td><td><p>30% reduction in construction costs<\/p><\/td><td><p>Simplify building regulations<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p>Japan<\/p><\/td><td><p>Flexible zoning (industrial, agri., residential)<\/p><\/td><td><p>Stable prices despite density<\/p><\/td><td><p>Encourage urban design flexibility<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Economic Strategy for Recovery:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Urban Planning Reform:<\/strong> Update zoning maps and promote vertical construction.<\/li><li><strong>Regulated Rental Model:<\/strong> Create national housing companies offering long-term leases and revise legal frameworks to protect tenants.<\/li><li><strong>Smart Reconstruction:<\/strong> Recycle debris to save up to 20% in costs, develop smart suburbs, and partner with international bodies for low-interest loans.<\/li><li><strong>Sustainable Finance System:<\/strong> Establish a national mortgage authority modeled after Canada and Denmark, offering interest-free youth loans and attracting Arab investors.<\/li><li><strong>Legislative Reform:<\/strong> Amend Law No. 20 (2015), create a national lease regulation body, and empower local councils to prevent land hoarding.<\/li><li><strong>Social Dimension:<\/strong> Housing must uphold dignity and identity\u2014develop cooperative housing for youth and interest-free renovation loans.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><\/p><p>Syria\u2019s housing crisis marks a critical turning point in its post-war economic and social recovery. Housing must be redefined as a fundamental human right rather than a speculative commodity. A comprehensive strategy that integrates justice, innovation, and urban planning is essential for building a sustainable environment where Syrians can reclaim their dignity and stability.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11da31c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"11da31c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b124283 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b124283\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0343c14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0343c14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fec1de9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fec1de9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8e34e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c8e34e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff01b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff01b11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Al-Wataniya Private University<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2fdbda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2fdbda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>It was established in 2007 and includes six colleges:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\">Faculty of Dentistry<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9\/\">Faculty of Pharmacy<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">Faculty of Engineering (Informatics and Communications)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">Faculty of Civil Engineering<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">Faculty of Administrative and Financial Sciences<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d4ada e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"89d4ada\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95acb17 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187.9C426.2 403 468.7 334.5 468.7 256c0-37-9.4-71.8-26-102.1zM504 256c0 136.8-111.3 248-248 248C119.2 504 8 392.7 8 256 8 119.2 119.2 8 256 8c136.7 0 248 111.2 248 248zm-11.4 0c0-130.5-106.2-236.6-236.6-236.6C125.5 19.4 19.4 125.5 19.4 256S125.6 492.6 256 492.6c130.5 0 236.6-106.1 236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Al-Wataniya Private University Academic Oasis website<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 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236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Al-Waha student website of Al-Wataniya Private University<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 16-68.7zm-139.9 29.3l-63.8 185.5c19.1 5.6 39.2 8.7 60.1 8.7 24.8 0 48.5-4.3 70.6-12.1-.6-.9-1.1-1.9-1.5-2.9l-65.4-179.2zm183-120.7c.9 6.8 1.4 14 1.4 21.9 0 21.6-4 45.8-16.2 76.2l-65 187.9C426.2 403 468.7 334.5 468.7 256c0-37-9.4-71.8-26-102.1zM504 256c0 136.8-111.3 248-248 248C119.2 504 8 392.7 8 256 8 119.2 119.2 8 256 8c136.7 0 248 111.2 248 248zm-11.4 0c0-130.5-106.2-236.6-236.6-236.6C125.5 19.4 19.4 125.5 19.4 256S125.6 492.6 256 492.6c130.5 0 236.6-106.1 236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Student portal website<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-958f94d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"958f94d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fdb41e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0fdb41e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">for communication:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aeec7c elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"7aeec7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-map-marker-alt\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M172.268 501.67C26.97 291.031 0 269.413 0 192 0 85.961 85.961 0 192 0s192 85.961 192 192c0 77.413-26.97 99.031-172.268 309.67-9.535 13.774-29.93 13.773-39.464 0zM192 272c44.183 0 80-35.817 80-80s-35.817-80-80-80-80 35.817-80 80 35.817 80 80 80z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Syria - Hama Governorate - International Road Homs-Hama<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-phone\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M493.4 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0-11.2-7.7-20.9-18.6-23.4z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">00963335033<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-mail-bulk\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M160 448c-25.6 0-51.2-22.4-64-32-64-44.8-83.2-60.8-96-70.4V480c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h256c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V345.6c-12.8 9.6-32 25.6-96 70.4-12.8 9.6-38.4 32-64 32zm128-192H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v16c25.6 19.2 22.4 19.2 115.2 86.4 9.6 6.4 28.8 25.6 44.8 25.6s35.2-19.2 44.8-22.4c92.8-67.2 89.6-67.2 115.2-86.4V288c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32zm256-96H224c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32h96c33.21 0 60.59 25.42 63.71 57.82l.29-.22V416h192c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V192c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32zm-32 128h-64v-64h64v64zm-352-96c0-35.29 28.71-64 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loading=\"lazy\"\n\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps?q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9&#038;t=m&#038;z=9&#038;output=embed&#038;iwloc=near\"\n\t\t\t\t\ttitle=\"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\"\n\t\t\t\t\taria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\"\n\t\t\t><\/iframe>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2b471d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f2b471d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Implementing website management at the National Private University 2025<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The housing crisis in Syria represents one of the most entrenched economic consequences of the former political regime. It intertwines urban and social dimensions with the failure of national economic policies. The absence of a coherent housing strategy for decades, compounded by widespread destruction of housing units, has transformed housing from a basic human right into a prerequisite for socioeconomic development. Nearly one-third of residential units in Syrian cities have been destroyed, signaling long-term structural implications for population and economic balance.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6779,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[245],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6776","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Economic Engineering of Syria\u2019s Housing System - \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The housing crisis in Syria represents one of the most entrenched economic consequences of the former political regime. It intertwines urban and social dimensions with the failure of national economic policies. The absence of a coherent housing strategy for decades, compounded by widespread destruction of housing units, has transformed housing from a basic human right into a prerequisite for socioeconomic development. Nearly one-third of residential units in Syrian cities have been destroyed, signaling long-term structural implications for population and economic balance.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\/en\/economic-engineering-of-syrias-housing-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Economic Engineering of Syria\u2019s Housing System - \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The housing crisis in Syria represents one of the most entrenched economic consequences of the former political regime. 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