Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University
type: channel
description: Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University is a peer-reviewed, research journal that publishes original research papers across various scientific fields. The journal aims to provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their findings to scholars in all areas of research, thereby promoting innovation and knowledge exchange. It follows a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the quality and validity of the published studies, making it a valuable resource for academics, scientists, and researchers within the scientific community. Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University (JWPU) is committed to an Open Access policy, whereby all published research is freely available to everyone through the journal’s website immediately upon publication. Readers are permitted to view, download, and cite the full texts of articles without restriction, provided that proper attribution to the source is given. Through this policy, the journal aims to enhance the dissemination of scientific knowledge, increase opportunities for knowledge exchange, and support the Open Access movement, which strengthens the impact of scientific research at both the local and global levels. Publisher: Al-Wataniya Private University Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Ahed Khezam Publication Languages: Arabic and English Publication Frequency: Biannual (two issues per year) Publication Fees: Fully free of charge. The journal does not charge any fees for submission, review, or publication. Average Time of the First Review Round: 4–6 weeks
publisher: الجامعة الوطنية الخاصة
language: en
publication name: Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University
issn: 3105-2150
items: The Impact of Credit Policies on the Profit of Commercial Banks Listed in Damascus Securities Exchange
items: In Silico Investigation of Natural Compounds Targeting 14-Alpha-Demethylase Enzyme as a Therapeutic Approach Against Mucormycosis
items: Studying the effect of solvent polarity on the value of Sun Protection Factor of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts prepared using Various Solvents
items: The Role of Management Information Systems in Improving Company Performance (Case Study: Kajjoun Shoes Company in Hama)
items: Effect of Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Patients on Blood Calcium Levels
items: Prevalence of Premenstrual Disorder and Its Associated Symptoms Among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study with Analysis of Occupational and Social Factors
items: The Impact of Banking Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction at Arab Bank in Syria (A Case Study)
items: Factors Influencing the Success of Small Business Projects (a field study on small businesses in Hama Governorate)
items: The Influence of After-Sales Services on the Purchase Decision A Field Study of Customers of Alternative Energy Panel Companies in Hama City
items: Formulation and evaluation of an anti-inflammatory gel containing 2.5% Capparis Spinosa extract
items: The Impact of Brand Country-of-Origin Image on Brand Endorsement: A Field Study on Automotive Sector Customers in Syria
items: The Impact of Capital Structure on the Credit Policy of Islamic Banks in Syria
items: Studying the effect of growth hormone on creatinine levels and weight in rabbits: A pilot study
items: Determination of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide Mixture by AUC-CM and DRS1 Spectrophotometric Methods
items: Preparation and Evaluation of Topical Formulations Containing Arctium lappa L. Root Extract for the Treatment of Acne
items: Statistical Study of Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels at Students from Alwataniya Private University
items: "The Role of Green Marketing Mix in Enhancing Competitive Advantage" ) Field Study on Clients of Afamia Pharmaceutical Industries Company)
items: Matrix Factorization: A Performance Comparison of its Fundamental Methods and a Study of the Conditions for Obtaining Orthonormal Matrices with Rational Elements
items: The Impact of Digital Transformation in Job Performance Efficiency (A Field Study of Private Banks Operating in Hama Governorate)
items: The Impact of Exchange Rate Changes of the Syrian Pound on the Damascus Securities Exchange Index
items: The Role of Digital Risk Management in Enhancing Cybersecurity "A Field Study in Private Banks in Hama Governorate"
items: Evaluation of the Effect of Vibratory Compaction on the Propagation of vibrations in soil: A Comprehensive Analytical Study
items: Investigating the Hypoglycemic Effect of Methylsulfonylmethane in Rabbits
items: In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Capparis spinosa Using Protein Denaturation Inhibition method
items: Studying the effect of mixing temperature changes on the properties and behavior of asphalt concrete
items: The Impact of the Physical Environment on Brand Love (Field Study on XO Store Customers)
items: The Impact of Emotional Intelligence in Team Performance (A Field Study of Private Banks Operating in Hama Governorate)
items: Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) As A Tumor Marker For Detecting Prostate Cancer In A Sample Of Syrian Patients
items: Study of the Prevalence of Short Stature and Its Relationship with Nutritional Status among Schoolchildren in Hama Governorate, Syria: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
items: Study on the extraction of the local Portulaca oleracea plant and evaluation of the sun protection factor (SPF)of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts.

The Impact of Credit Policies on the Profit of Commercial Banks Listed in Damascus Securities Exchange
type: item
description: The research aimd to Study the impact of changing the credit policies of commercial banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange and then analyze the impact of these policies on the rate of return on assets through three indicators represent the activity, liquidity, and financial structure. Analytical method was adopted through a presentation of development of some indicators of financial performance during 2013-2022. Moreover, some results were come out: The credit policy had a role in stabilizing of employment rate, and the openness credit policy reflected positively on the employment rate, which contributed to a high employment rate. The credit policy on another side didn’t contribute to the stability of the asset turnover rate, nor did to raising or stabilizing the rate of return on assets and the return on ownership rights, whether before or after the exclusion of structural profit. The credit policy had an indirect role in the decline in the financial leverage ratio.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
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creator: Kinan Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 221
ending page: 254
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21964141

In Silico Investigation of Natural Compounds Targeting 14-Alpha-Demethylase Enzyme as a Therapeutic Approach Against Mucormycosis
type: item
description: Objective: A study for the design of a library of natural compounds aimed at theoretically investigating their effect on the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme for the treatment of mucosal fungal disease using molecular modeling techniques. Materials and Methods: A virtual screening study was conducted on a set of natural compounds representing various chemical classes found in plants. A library of 188 compounds was constructed using the PubChem and ZINC databases, and the compounds were downloaded in mol2 format to ensure compatibility with molecular modelling software. The target enzyme, 14-alpha demethylase, was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) under the code 5FSA, with the co-crystallized ligand Posaconazole (code X2N). Computational analysis was carried out using iGEMDOCK to screen the compound library and identify the most promising natural inhibitors. Further, precise molecular modelling and docking studies were performed using ArgusLab to analyse interactions at the binding site in detail. Results: The virtual screening revealed that the binding energies of the natural compounds ranged from -155.97 KJ/mol for Betanidin to -50.56 KJ/mol for Pinen. Notably, 12 compounds exhibited stronger binding affinities than the reference drug Posaconazole, which had a binding energy of -135.25 KJ/mol. Detailed molecular docking using ArgusLab confirmed these interactions and provided three-dimensional visualizations of the ligand-enzyme complexes. Conclusion: This theoretical study highlights the potential of reintroducing natural compounds for the treatment of fungal infections, particularly mucormycosis. The selected natural compounds demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme and may be used synergistically with synthetic antifungals to enhance therapeutic efficacy and broaden the spectrum of antifungal action.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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creator: Hani Salim
creator: Thanaa Mourad
creator: Abeer Almasri
creator: Elham Mohammed
creator: Khulod Mohammed
creator: Zabia Khallouf
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 206
ending page: 220
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21788863

Studying the effect of solvent polarity on the value of Sun Protection Factor of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts prepared using Various Solvents
type: item
description: This research aims to study the effect of different extraction solvents (water, ethanol 70%, and hexane) on the value of sun protection factor (SPF) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts obtained by ultrasonic extraction technique. Water produced the highest extract yield at 17.88%, followed by 13.46% for ethanol 70%, and 2.04% for hexane. Among the three extracts, ethanol 70% produced the strongest photoprotective effect, achieving an SPF of 35.18. This high SPF is attributed to its rich content of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, known for their strong UV-absorbing properties and antioxidant activity. The water extract demonstrated moderate protection with an SPF of 17.62, reflecting its abundance of polar compounds such as phenols and tannins. In contrast, the hexane extract exhibited minimal protection (SPF 7.52) due to its low yield and limited presence of UV-absorbing molecules. Overall, the findings show that solvent polarity strongly influences the SPF value of rosemary extracts, with ethanol 70% emerging as the most effective solvent.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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subject: Array
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creator: Shoeb Alahamad
creator: Nawar Bdoor
creator: Shahd Almalah
creator: Sedra Alhasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 193
ending page: 205
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21787508

The Role of Management Information Systems in Improving Company Performance (Case Study: Kajjoun Shoes Company in Hama)
type: item
description: This research aimed to identify the role of management information systems (MIS) in improving the company's inventory management performance at the Kajjoun Shoes Company in Hama Governorate, Syria, as a case study. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach as the general research methodology. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a random sample of employees at the senior and middle management levels, as well as specialists and operators of management information systems at the company under study. The researchers used SPSS version 25 to conduct statistical descriptions and test the research hypotheses. The research found a statistically significant relationship between the dimensions of management information systems (the administrative dimension, the technology, and the individual’s dimension) and improving the company's inventory management performance at Kajjoun Shoes Company. The research also recommended reviewing the experiences of international organizations in implementing management information systems, participating in specialized training courses on management information systems.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
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subject: Array
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creator: Sanaa Alshowa
creator: Ahmad Kajjoun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 162
ending page: 192
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21758728

Effect of Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Patients on Blood Calcium Levels
type: item
description: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. This study aims to investigate the impact of hyperglycemia on calcium levels. The sample included 30 patients of various ages (20 patients>50 years, 10 patients < 50 years) and balanced gender distribution (15 males, 15 females). Participants were selected through questionnaire-based screening, with inclusion criteria requiring normal renal, hepatic, and parathyroid function. Measurements included blood glucose levels glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) calcium levels and vitamin D (to confirm normal levels and exclude deficiency-related hypocalcemia. The results showed that 40% of the patients had decreased calcium levels. Moreover, a moderate inverse and statistically significant correlation was found between calcium levels and HbA1c (P < 0.05), and a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between glucose and calcium levels (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that glucose dysregulation may affect calcium absorption and homeostasis, potentially leading to adverse effects on bone health and cellular functions. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the prevention of diabetes-related complications. It is worth noting that vitamin D is essential for regulating calcium absorption and maintaining its levels within the normal range, highlighting the importance of assessing vitamin D status as part of the patients overall clinical evaluation.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Abdalkareem Maghmomeh
creator: Sohaib Al-Shaar
creator: Kamar Al-Baba
creator: Lujain Al-Khleef
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 153
ending page: 161
doi: 0.5281/zenodo.21758485

Prevalence of Premenstrual Disorder and Its Associated Symptoms Among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study with Analysis of Occupational and Social Factors
type: item
description: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by recurrent psychological and physical symptoms in the premenstrual phase. This study assessed the prevalence of PMS and its associated symptoms among a sample of women, analyzing occupational and social factors. The sample included 284 participants, with results showing that 55.3% had PMS, of which 65% were moderate in severity. Psychological (e.g., anxiety, irritability) and physical symptoms (e.g., fatigue, hypersomnia) were predominant, with a marked impact on family relationships compared to occupational aspects. Statistical analyses revealed no significant link between occupation and syndrome severity (P=0.25). The findings highlight the need for awareness programs and psychological support targeting women, particularly in social contexts.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Marwan Khattab
creator: Maria Kilani
creator: Randa Baroudi
creator: Mawia Almoulki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 135
ending page: 152
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21757953

The Impact of Banking Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction at Arab Bank in Syria (A Case Study)
type: item
description: The research aims to determine the impact of banking service quality with its dimensions (tangibility, reliability, security and empathy), on customer satisfaction at Arab Bank in Syria. To achieve the research objectives, an analytical descriptive approach was adopted by reviewing available literature from books, Journals and periodicals, in addition to the case study method. On the practical side, data related to the research variables were collected through a designed a questionnaire. A total of (400) questionnaires were distributed to customers dealing with the bank under study, with 384 valid questionnaires retrieved for statistical analysis, while 16 were excluded due to insincere responses. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods and SPSS program to test hypotheses and answer the research questions. The research concluded with key findings, most notably that banking services quality has a positive and significant impact on customer satisfaction. The results of the correlation coefficients analysis revealed that all quality dimensions (tangibility, reliability, security and empathy) directly contribute to enhancing the overall level of customer satisfaction.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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creator: Zainab Kadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 105
ending page: 134
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21755753

Factors Influencing the Success of Small Business Projects (a field study on small businesses in Hama Governorate)
type: item
description: The study aims to analyze the factors influencing the success and continuity of small businesses by examining the following factors: the personal and administrative characteristics of the business owner, institutional factors, financing, marketing strategies, and the surrounding economic and geographical environment. Through a field study targeting (50) small commercial businesses in Hama Governorate, (50) questionnaires were distributed, and (39) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis. The study relied on a descriptive analytical approach, using a questionnaire as a tool for data collection. Data was analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS) to test hypotheses. The results showed that there is a statistically significant effect of the business owner's personal and administrative factors on the success of small businesses. There is also a statistically significant effect of financing on the success of small businesses. The study also found a statistically significant effect of effective marketing strategies on the success of small businesses. However, the study concluded that institutional factors and the economic and geographical environment had no statistically significant effect on the success of the small businesses in the study sample. The study recommended the development of a legislative and regulatory environment that encourages small businesses, facilitating administrative procedures, providing flexible financing channels, and enhancing training and qualification programs for business owners, particularly in the areas of management and marketing. Continue using AI Cursor?Keep it onTurn Off
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Reema Sheikh Alsouk
creator: Mohammad Baroudi
creator: Mohammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 77
ending page: 105
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21623950

The Influence of After-Sales Services on the Purchase Decision A Field Study of Customers of Alternative Energy Panel Companies in Hama City
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the role of post-sale services in influencing the purchase decision and to examine the relationship between post-sale services as an independent variable and the purchase decision as a dependent variable among solar panel customers in Hama Governorate. The study yielded several key findings, demonstrating a significant and influential role in several post-sale services on the purchase decisions of alternative energy company customers in Hama city. Based on hypothesis testing, it was found that warranty services, maintenance services, spare parts provision services, and call center services all have a positive and noticeable effect on the purchase decision. In light of these results, the researchers provided a set of recommendations aimed at leveraging the role of post-sale services in the purchase decision.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Mohammad Nasser
creator: Asmaa Alameer
creator: Salam Sway
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 57
ending page: 76
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21472044

Formulation and evaluation of an anti-inflammatory gel containing 2.5% Capparis Spinosa extract
type: item
description: Musculoskeletal pain affects over 1.7 billion people worldwide, highlighting the need for safe and effective topical treatments. This study developed a topical gel containing methanolic extracts of Capparis spinosa using Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent and propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer. The gel demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, including a moderate pH, suitable viscosity, good spreadability, and extrusion efficiency. A clinical pilot study with 11 volunteers applying the gel for one week showed a significant reduction in pain intensity measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and a significant increase in pressure pain threshold. No adverse skin reactions were reported, and participants expressed high satisfaction with the gel’s efficacy and usability. These findings suggest that Capparis spinosa gel is a promising natural topical analgesic with good safety and patient acceptability.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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creator: Mohammd Firas Mannaa
creator: Nour Ashesh
creator: Asma Alaref
creator: Badria Almshntf
creator: Tasnim Nori
creator: Tahani Alshmali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 42
ending page: 56
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21469407

The Impact of Brand Country-of-Origin Image on Brand Endorsement: A Field Study on Automotive Sector Customers in Syria
type: item
description: This study aimed to analyze the impact of brand country-of-origin image on brand endorsement, and to examine the relationship between brand country-of-origin image as an independent variable and brand endorsement as a dependent variable among customers in the automotive sector in Syria. To achieve the objectives of the study, a structured questionnaire consisting of (22) items was developed to measure the study variables. The questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of automotive sector customers in Syria. A total of 400 valid responses were obtained and used as primary data for analysis. The data were analyzed, and the hypotheses were tested using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v22), employing appropriate statistical techniques. The results revealed a statistically significant effect of brand country-of-origin image and its dimensions (country level, product level, and product characteristics) on enhancing brand endorsement among customers in the automotive sector in Syria. Based on these findings, the researchers provided a set of recommendations for investors and managers in the automotive sector to enhance marketing strategies related to brand country-of-origin image and its influence on consumer behavior.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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  topic: disciplines
creator: Alaa Aldeen Alkoja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 26
ending page: 41
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21452614

The Impact of Capital Structure on the Credit Policy of Islamic Banks in Syria
type: item
description: Amidst the complex economic challenges facing the Syrian economy—including prolonged conflict, sanctions, and currency collapse—there is a growing need for financing models that are both flexible and effective in risk management. This study aims to analyze the impact of capital structure, represented by paid-up capital, reserves, and shareholders’ equity, on the credit policy of Syrian Islamic banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange, with a particular focus on Islamic credit instruments such as mudarabah and musharakah. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and tests its hypotheses using various regression models (linear, sigmoid, cubic, compound, and power), drawing on financial data spanning the years 2014 to 2023. Findings reveal a statistically significant effect of capital structure on credit policy, with variations in impact depending on the chosen performance indicator (deferred sale receivables or assets under investment/liquidation). The statistical models also indicate that reserves and equity play a complex role in shaping credit policy through profit distribution strategies and the retention of provisions aimed at enhancing financial stability. The study recommends expanding the use of profit-and-loss sharing instruments, relying on long-term deposits and sukuk to finance productive projects, and promoting waqf-based mechanisms to support socio-developmental activities—positioning Islamic finance as a strategic pillar in mitigating the systemic repercussions of Syria’s economic crises.
subject: Articles – Volume 4 Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Ibrahim Koshaji
creator: Rama Al-Ali
creator: Fatima Al-Duweiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 25
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21450589

Studying the effect of growth hormone on creatinine levels and weight in rabbits: A pilot study
type: item
description: Given the high rates of irresponsible misuse of growth hormone (GH) in sports for muscle mass gain and performance enhancement, it is crucial to investigate its potential side effects, particularly on renal function, which may be affected by such practices. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effect of GH administration on body weight and plasma creatinine levels in adult male rabbits. Sixteen male rabbits, 7 months old and weighing an average of 2 kg, were divided into two equal groups (n=8): an untreated control group and a treatment group injected subcutaneously with GH at a dose of 16 IU daily for 10 days. After treatment, blood samples were drawn from the heart, plasma was separated, and creatinine levels were measured. The results showed a significant increase in creatinine in the GH group compared to the control group (4.93 ± 0.27 mg/dL vs. 2.05 ± 0.17 mg/dL, p<0.05). A clear and statistically significant increase in the weights of rabbits treated after injection compared to before injection was observed: 2.7±0.35 kg versus 1.91±0.22 kg (p<0.05). This reflects the strong anabolic effect of growth hormone, especially at high doses, associated with a significant weight gain and possible renal functional changes that go beyond just an increase in muscle mass, which necessitates strict monitoring of renal indicators during its use.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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subject: Array
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creator: Shuaib Al-Ahmad
creator: Khaled Kreij
creator: Nawar Bdoor
creator: Bakr Jamran
creator: Abdulhadi Diab
creator: Mohammed Malouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 218
ending page: 227
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21067084

Determination of Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide Mixture by AUC-CM and DRS1 Spectrophotometric Methods
type: item
description: Determination of losartan potassium LOS and hydrochlorothiazide HCTZ by two methods in raw material and tablets formulations. The first method is the area under the curve correction method (AUC-CM). The second one is the first derivative of the ratio spectra method (DRS1). The determination by (AUC-CM) was at the wavelength’s ranges (245 - 255) nm for LOS and (312 - 320) nm for HCTZ. The LOS linearity was to be between (2.00 – 48.00) µg/mL with R2 = 0.99994, while the HCTZ linearity was to be between (7.50 – 100.00) µg/mL with R2 = 0.99987. By using (DRS1), wavelengths of 237.0 nm and 270.0 nm, used for the determination of LOS and HCTZ, respectively. The LOS linearity was to be between (1.50 – 50.00) µg/mL with R2 = 0.99998, while the HCTZ linearity was to be between (1.00 – 20.00) µg/mL with R2 = 0.99996. The validation of the two methods was estimated as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, robustness, recovery and specificity. The two methods were successfully applied for the determination of LOS and HCTZ in tablets formulations in one Syrian pharmaceutical product LOTID in two doses (50/12.5 and 100/25) mg/tab. The proposed methods are not complicated, available in spectrophotometer programming, direct, and sensitive and does not require any pre- extraction process. Thus, the two methods could be ready to use in routine analysis and quality control.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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  topic: disciplines
creator: Saad Antakli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 203
ending page: 217
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21066015

Preparation and Evaluation of Topical Formulations Containing Arctium lappa L. Root Extract for the Treatment of Acne
type: item
description: This study aims to formulate and evaluate topical cream and toner containing Arctium lappa root extract as a promising natural alternative treatment for acne vulgaris. Acne is a common dermatological disorder associated with sebum overproduction, follicular hyperkeratinization, and cutibacterium acnes proliferation, leading to cutaneous inflammation. The active compounds were extracted from burdock roots using 70% ethanolic extraction, and then incorporated into carefully designed cream and toner formulations. Both preparations underwent comprehensive physicochemical testing to evaluate parameters including pH, appearance, viscosity, stability, and spreadability. Analysis results demonstrated that the cream exhibits skin-compatible pH (5.4) and a viscosity of 18,257 centipoise (cP), with no phase separation or particle aggregation observed following centrifugation, along with excellent spreadability characteristics. The findings highlight the efficacy of burdock root extract (Arctium lappa) as a phytochemical component, with published studies confirming its significant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. The study recommends conducting additional clinical trials to establish optimal dosage parameters and enhance the formulation's therapeutic efficacy.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Talal Aldaher
creator: Farah Alhakim
creator: Rama Alhindi
creator: Farah Shikh Alsouk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 189
ending page: 202
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21064577

Statistical Study of Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels at Students from Alwataniya Private University
type: item
description: Cholesterol and triglycerides are vital lipid molecules essential for fundamental bodily functions, including cell structure and energy supply. However, elevated levels of these lipids, particularly high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or "bad cholesterol" are critical indicators for cardiovascular health, contributing to atherosclerosis. This study aimed to measure cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 33 young students from the Alwataniya Private University (November 16 & 18, 2024) and correlate them with specific risk factors. The methodology involved collecting data on age, gender, smoking, omega-3 supplement intake, body mass index (BMI), and exercise. Results indicated that these factors were significant predictors of elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels. This underscores the importance of early detection of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors in young adults.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
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creator: Abd Alkareem Maghmouma
creator: Manahel Al-Hallak
creator: Malak Jasry
creator: Maha Al-Abdullah
creator: Bayan Al-Mousa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 177
ending page: 188
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21013208

"The Role of Green Marketing Mix in Enhancing Competitive Advantage" ) Field Study on Clients of Afamia Pharmaceutical Industries Company)
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the role of green marketing mix in enhancing competitive advantage and to study the relationship between the green marketing mix as an independent variable and competitive advantage as a dependent variable in Afamia Pharmaceutical Industries Company in Hama. To achieve the study objectives, the researchers designed a questionnaire that included (26) research questions to collect primary data from the study sample by distributing the questionnaire to a convenience sample of clients in pharmacies in the Hama city, where the number of questionnaires that could be analyzed reached 80 questionnaires. In the light of that, the data was collected and analyzed and hypotheses were tested using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 22.0 SPSS, and a number of results were reached, the most important of which are, It was found that there is no significant role for green product, green promotion, green distribution in enhancing the competitive advantage, in Afamia Pharmaceutical Industries Company in Hama. It was found that green pricing has a significant role in enhancing competitive advantage in Afamia Pharmaceutical Industries Company in Hama
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Alaa Aldeen Alkoja
creator: Seba Saffaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 156
ending page: 176
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21013015

Matrix Factorization: A Performance Comparison of its Fundamental Methods and a Study of the Conditions for Obtaining Orthonormal Matrices with Rational Elements
type: item
description: This research conducts a study on matrices and matrix analysis, outlining the essential fundamental definitions required for this purpose. We provide a historical review of the majority of scholars and researchers who have studied and analyzed matrices, documenting each researcher's methodology. Furthermore, we detail the advantages and disadvantages of each method as applied in previous periods. A comparison was also conducted between QR decomposition and LU decomposition. Finally, we established the necessary conditions for obtaining normalized orthogonal matrices with rational elements.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Mathematics
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
  topic: disciplines
creator: Basel Alarnous
creator: Abdulbasit AlKhatib AlKhatib
creator: Reem Alahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 138
ending page: 155
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20964014

The Impact of Digital Transformation in Job Performance Efficiency (A Field Study of Private Banks Operating in Hama Governorate)
type: item
description: This research aimed to determine the impact of digital transformation in job performance efficiency in a group of private banks operating in Hama Governorate, Syria. To achieve this, the researchers relied on the descriptive-analytical approach as a general research methodology. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to a purposive sample of employees in various departments at five private banks in Hama Governorate (Arab Bank, National Islamic Bank, Sham Bank, Al-Baraka Bank, and Al-Shahba Bank). The researchers used SPSS to conduct statistical descriptions and test the research hypotheses. The questionnaire was further strengthened by personal interviews. The research found a statistically significant effect between the dimensions of digital transformation (legislation and policies, technological infrastructure, and human resources) and job performance efficiency in the private banks operating in Hama Governorate, the subject of the study. The research also recommended a set of recommendations focusing on developing the technological infrastructure within the banks under study by increasing information technology investments, updating hardware and software, and supporting artificial intelligence technologies
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Sanaa Al-showa
creator: Mohammed Alsulaiman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 107
ending page: 137
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21189594

The Impact of Exchange Rate Changes of the Syrian Pound on the Damascus Securities Exchange Index
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the impact of fluctuations in the Syrian pound's exchange rate on the Damascus Securities Exchange Index during the period (2011–2023), within the context of a complex economic crisis driven by intertwined political, security, and economic factors. The significance of the research lies in its examination of exchange rate volatility and its influence on financial markets in crisis environments, through the construction of a hybrid analytical model that integrates econometric tools (unit root tests, cointegration analysis, Granger causality, and GARCH models). The study's findings indicate that the variables follow a normal distribution and exhibit temporal instability at level values before stabilizing at first differences. This supported the use of cointegration tests, which confirmed the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the exchange rate and the financial index. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between the two variables, while Granger causality tests identified a unidirectional causal relationship from the Damascus market index to the Syrian pound’s exchange rate—highlighting the financial market’s precedence as a leading indicator of monetary fluctuations. Based on these results, the researchers recommend adopting flexible monetary policies that respond to shifts in the financial market, developing monitoring and forecasting models based on equilibrium relationships between exchange rates and financial asset prices, and incorporating geopolitical variables into the analytical frameworks of economic policy. They also advocate for the creation of alternative financial indicators that reflect the complex reality beyond conventional models.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Ibrahim Kochaji
creator: Fala Hazim
creator: Sara Jomaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 74
ending page: 106
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21011460

The Role of Digital Risk Management in Enhancing Cybersecurity "A Field Study in Private Banks in Hama Governorate"
type: item
description: This research aimed to study the role of digital risk management, with its various dimensions (risk identification, assessment and analysis, mitigation, monitoring and review, and communication), in enhancing cybersecurity. To achieve this objective, a field study was conducted on a group of private banks operating in Hama Governorate (Bank of Syria and Overseas, Al Baraka Bank, and Syria International Islamic Bank). The research employed a descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire was designed as the primary data collection tool. The research population consisted of all employees (managers and staff) within the departments related to risk management and cybersecurity at Bank of Syria and Overseas, Al Baraka Bank, and Syria International Islamic Bank in Hama Governorate. Sixty questionnaires were distributed, fully returned, and deemed valid for analysis. Among the most important findings of the research was the strong and positive impact of implementing risk management in its combined dimensions on enhancing cybersecurity in the studied banks. Furthermore, the study revealed a statistically significant and moderate positive impact of each individual dimension of risk management on enhancing cybersecurity
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Husain Kousayri
creator: Judy Alloush
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 43
ending page: 73
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20963106

Evaluation of the Effect of Vibratory Compaction on the Propagation of vibrations in soil: A Comprehensive Analytical Study
type: item
description: Dynamic compaction by vibratory compaction is considered one of the most powerful and widely used soil improvement techniques in the practical engineering applications. However, this method generates vibrations which propagate through the surrounding soil in the form of different types of ground waves. This research presents a numerical study using the finite element method to analyze the propagation of vibrations generated by dynamic compaction using vibratory compaction. Therefore, we propose a suitable numerical model that depends on the simulation of both the compaction force and the propagation site by using the software ABAQUS. We validated the model using field measurements taken from previous studies, then we applied it to a typical example to study the propagation and damping of the vibrations caused by vibro-probe. The results of the study allow the evaluation of the amplitude of vibrations at different distances, thus, assessing the probable effects and then taking appropriate mitigation measures.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: Civil Engineering
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Darien Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 23
ending page: 42
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20962108

Investigating the Hypoglycemic Effect of Methylsulfonylmethane in Rabbits
type: item
description: Diabetes is a global health challenge, and as a chronic disease, it requires safe and effective long-term treatments. This study investigated the glucose-lowering effects of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) compared with metformin in a model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Alloxan selectively destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to decreased insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Four groups of rabbits (4 per group) were used: control, alloxan, metformin, and MSM groups. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured 24 hours after the end of dosing for all groups. MSM and metformin significantly reduced hyperglycemia, but MSM showed better results compared to metformin, possibly due to its protective effects on pancreatic beta cells. The study concludes that MSM may be a good therapeutic alternative or additional to established diabetes drugs such as metformin, and we recommend conducting histopathological studies on pancreatic cells to further confirm our results.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Alyasaa Rastanawi
creator: Khaled Krej
creator: Ghina Sarmani
creator: Rawaa Al-qasem
creator: Aya Al-hammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 12
ending page: 22
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20961262

In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Capparis spinosa Using Protein Denaturation Inhibition method
type: item
description: In traditional medicine, many natural plant-derived compounds have been used for centuries to inhibit inflammatory pathways, often causing fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Capparis spinosa has been traditionally used to treat various ailments; however, scientific studies on its pharmacological efficacy are limited. This study aims to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of C.spinosa using the albumin denaturation inhibition method. Bioactive compounds were extracted from (flowers, roots, fruits, leaves, and seeds) using methanol. Extracts at different concentrations were tested for their ability to inhibit egg albumin denaturation. Diclofenac sodium, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, served as the positive control. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by calculating the percentage inhibition of protein denaturation. The results showed a concentration-dependent increase in inhibition. Notably, the flower and root extracts exhibited significantly higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to other plant parts. Moreover, the flower extract demonstrated a markedly greater inhibition rate than the positive control.
subject: Articles – Volume 3 Number 2
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Mohammd Firas Mannaa
creator: Nour Ashesh
creator: Eman Alfatwa
creator: Esraa Almustafa
creator: Batoul Bakkar
creator: Hala Alshab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20960807

Studying the effect of mixing temperature changes on the properties and behavior of asphalt concrete
type: item
description: Heating hot mix asphalt (HMA) at high various temperture leads to adverse results, that negatively affected on asphalt concrete properties and pavement problems. This research offers an analytical experimental study of mechanical properties of bituminous mixtures under the influence of different temperature of mixing (160Co- 175Co - 190Co -205Co -220Co) by Marshal's method. The results showed that rising temperature of mixing gives clearly negative effects on mechanical properties of the bituminous mixtures under the effect of temperature and freezing and thawing. As for the tensile strength ratio (TSR) values, the results showed that for values above 80%, the temperature of the mixing mustn,t less (160Co) for the wear layer, and (155Co) for the base layer. So we found it to obtain asphalt concrete with specifications of resisting the changes of climate, distortions, and loads the temperature of mixing should be in the range (160-165)Co, otherwise we will get results do not meet the required specifications and reduce the design age of the road.
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Civil Engineering
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Alaa Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 139
ending page: 162
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20675849

The Impact of the Physical Environment on Brand Love (Field Study on XO Store Customers)
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the physical environment in an XO store and examine the relationship between the physical environment as an independent variable, measured through the following indicators: (scent, interior arrangement, temperature, music), and brand loyalty as a dependent variable, among XO store customers in the city of Hama. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researchers designed a questionnaire that included (25) research questions to collect primary data from a study sample of (420) individuals. In light of this, the data were collected, analysed, and hypotheses tested using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0. A number of results were reached, which can be summarized as follows:There was a significant effect of all dimensions of the physical environment (smell, interior arrangement, temperature, music) on brand loyalty at the XO store, as there was a strong, direct correlation between the two variables at the XO store under study. The researchers also presented a set of recommendations to leverage the impact of the physical environment on brand loyalty at the XO store in Hama. The most prominent of these recommendations is to encourage creativity in providing elements of the physical environment in a manner that is consistent with the brand’s personality and that is appropriate for the target customers. This will enhance these customers’ loyalty to the brand and strengthen their emotional attachment to the store
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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  topic: disciplines
creator: Rawan Khamis
creator: Alaa Aldeen Alkoja
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 107
ending page: 126
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20589058

The Impact of Emotional Intelligence in Team Performance (A Field Study of Private Banks Operating in Hama Governorate)
type: item
description: This study aimed to determine the impact of emotional intelligence of administrative leadership in team performance in private banks in Hama Governorate. To achieve this, the researchers relied on the descriptive-analytical approach as the general research methodology. A questionnaire was designed, and distributed to a Purposive sample of administrative leaders, and team members in various departments in four private banks in Hama Governorate: (National Islamic Bank, Al-Baraka, Al-Sham, and Al-Shahba). The researchers used SPSS version 25 to conduct statistical descriptions and test the research hypotheses. The questionnaire was further strengthened by personal interviews. The study found a statistically significant effect between the dimensions of emotional intelligence of administrative leadership (self-awareness, empathy, and social skills) and the performance of work teams in the Islamic banks operating in Hama Governorate, the subject of the study. The study also made a set of recommendations, most notably considering adopting the concept of emotional intelligence as a measure for teaching, training, and recruitment
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: Administrative and Financial Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
  topic: disciplines
creator: Sanaa Alshowa
creator: Entezar kilany
creator: Shahed harba
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 163
ending page: 188
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20376824

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) As A Tumor Marker For Detecting Prostate Cancer In A Sample Of Syrian Patients
type: item
description: Prostate cancer (PC) is a hormone-dependent malignant tumor often originating from epithelial cells in the prostate gland. It is the second most common cancer among men and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its variable clinical behavior makes early detection critical to improving prognosis. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key tumor marker used in diagnosis and follow-up. This study evaluated the PSA test’s effectiveness in detecting PC and analyzed its relationship with tumor stage, age, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). Fifty participants (25 patients and 25 healthy individuals) were included to assess diagnostic performance; correlations with clinical variables were analyzed in confirmed cancer patients only. The total PSA test showed 96% sensitivity and 88% specificity at a 4 ng/ml threshold. A significant positive correlation was found between PSA and both tumor stage and age; no significant correlation was found with smoking, and a slight inverse correlation was noted with BMI. These results suggest PSA is effective for early PC detection when used alongside complementary diagnostic tools to support clinical decision-making
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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creator: Abdalkreem Maghmomeh
creator: Abdalkader Sharfo
creator: Tameem Al-Ahdab
creator: Essa Mohammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 127
ending page: 138
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20374306

Study of the Prevalence of Short Stature and Its Relationship with Nutritional Status among Schoolchildren in Hama Governorate, Syria: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
type: item
description: tunting remains a significant public health concern in developing countries, especially in crisis-affected regions like Syria. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of short stature as an indicator of nutritional and developmental status among schoolchildren in Hama Governorate. A total of 201 students (101 males, 100 females), aged 10–14 years, were randomly selected. Their height and weight were accurately measured, and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Statistical analyses (t-test, ANOVA, chi-square) were applied. Findings revealed that 37% of children were stunted—exceeding global and regional averages. No significant gender differences were observed in height, weight, or BMI, suggesting equal exposure to environmental and nutritional factors. Stunted children had the lowest mean height and weight, while overweight children had the highest, highlighting the coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition. The study emphasizes the need for integrated interventions, including enhanced school nutrition programs, early detection systems, and community health awareness. It also recommends longitudinal research to monitor trends and assess the effectiveness of context-specific preventive and therapeutic strategies
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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creator: Marwan Khattab
creator: Nour Alnajjar
creator: Hanadi Alhallak
creator: Alia Alfarra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 96
ending page: 106
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20354440

Study on the extraction of the local Portulaca oleracea plant and evaluation of the sun protection factor (SPF)of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts.
type: item
description: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary cause of skin damage, premature aging, and skin cancer. Due to safety concerns regarding synthetic sunscreens, interest in natural plant ingredients has increased as safe alternatives to chemical sunscreens. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is known for its richness in phenolics and flavonoids, which possess excellent UV-absorbing properties. This study evaluated Portulaca oleracea leaf and stem extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) via UV-vis spectroscopy (200–400 nm). Sun protection factor (SPF) values ​​were calculated Using a reference method. The alcoholic leaf extract showed the highest SPF (40), followed by the aqueous leaf extract (SPF = 30). The stem extracts showed lower, but still good, activity (alcoholic: SPF = 20; aqueous: SPF = 12). The results highlight purslane's potential as a natural sunscreen ingredient, particularly in alcoholic leaf extracts. Improved formulations could provide safer and more synergistic UV protection compared to chemical filters
subject: Research Articles – Volume 3, Number 1
  topic: section
subject: pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
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creator: Shuaib Alahmad
creator: Nawar bdoor
creator: Ziena anka
creator: Sawsan chami
creator: Mohammad naser aldeen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Al-Wataniya Private University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 83
ending page: 95
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20267608