{"id":5850,"date":"2025-05-07T06:40:28","date_gmt":"2025-05-07T06:40:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/?p=5850"},"modified":"2025-06-21T08:49:34","modified_gmt":"2025-06-21T08:49:34","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b4-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b4-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5850\" class=\"elementor elementor-5850\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e80d8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"93e80d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-060dae7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"060dae7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9582c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9582c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0640\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Student Oasis of Al-Wataniya Private University<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1f8fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a1f8fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b57034 eael_simple_menu_hamburger_disable_selected_menu_no eael-simple-menu-hamburger-align-right eael-hamburger--tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-simple-menu\" data-id=\"7b57034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-simple-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n                        @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                                .eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                                    display: none;\n                                }\n                            }\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-container .eael-simple-menu-toggle {\n                                    display: block;\n                                }\n                            }\n                        }\n                        .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading > ul {\n                            display: -webkit-box !important;\n                            display: -ms-flexbox !important;\n                            display: flex !important;\n                            list-style: none !important;\n                        }\n                        .eael-simple-menu-container.eael-simple-menu--loading li ul {\n                            visibility: hidden !important;\n                            opacity: 0 !important;\n                        }\n                    <\/style>            <div data-hamburger-icon=\"&lt;svg aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 448 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" data-indicator-icon=\"&lt;svg aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 320 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" data-dropdown-indicator-icon=\"&lt;svg class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 320 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" class=\"eael-simple-menu-container eael-simple-menu--loading eael-simple-menu-align-center eael-simple-menu-dropdown-align-right preset-1\" data-hamburger-breakpoints=\"{&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;Mobile Portrait (&gt; 767px)&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;Tablet Portrait (&gt; 1024px)&quot;,&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;Desktop (&gt; 2400px)&quot;,&quot;none&quot;:&quot;None&quot;}\" data-hamburger-device=\"tablet\">\n                <ul id=\"menu-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\" class=\"eael-simple-menu eael-simple-menu-dropdown-animate-to-top eael-simple-menu-indicator eael-simple-menu-horizontal\"><li id=\"menu-item-399\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-399\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-8\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6689\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6689\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6682\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6682\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7-6\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-90\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-90\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-10\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-10\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-115\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-115\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-116\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-116\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-14\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-12\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-219\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-219\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-220\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-220\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-284\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-284\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-15\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-389\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-389\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-283\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-283\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a-\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c-\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4119\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4119\"><a href=\"#pll_switcher\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>                <button class=\"eael-simple-menu-toggle\">\n                    <span class=\"sr-only \">Hamburger Toggle Menu<\/span>\n                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d7fdf8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1d7fdf8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0896cd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0896cd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d2429 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82d2429\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 : \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-280908f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"280908f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56b7a5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56b7a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 - \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n- <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5df6eef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5df6eef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2102c41 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2102c41\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c80f1 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"f3c80f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=91sQ0coAAAAJ\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/anas-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6318\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=91sQ0coAAAAJ\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 : \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\n\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04ffd1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"04ffd1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fb9bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5fb9bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9148f0 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"d9148f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/batoul-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6319\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0645\u062f\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eb8bbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5eb8bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4169b98 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4169b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 ( \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4d88fd elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f4d88fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/YEEQHgbfPowF-inbound4621671615907555682.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a13f5e2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a13f5e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0b9a94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f0b9a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631 (Vipin Arora\u060c 2013).<\/p><p>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a.<\/p><ol><li>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0626\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644\u0647 &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/li><li>\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c 2013).<\/li><\/ol><p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a (GIC) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c (RMGIC) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a (\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 2013).<\/p><p>\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 GIC \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a: (1) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648(2) \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645<\/p><ol><li><strong> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a (GIC) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 GIC \u0643\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0634\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c 2000).<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li><strong> \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634.<\/strong><\/li><li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 Open sandwich technique<\/li><li>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 Closed sandwich technique<\/li><\/ol><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 GIC \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 GIC \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0628 GIC \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 &#8220;\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a (Berg Jh, 2002).(\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1):<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5860 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture1-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"219\" \/><\/p><p><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628<\/li><li>\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 (\u0647\u0627\u062c\u060c 2001)<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>4. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629: <\/strong><\/p><ol><li>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/li><li>\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/li><li>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645.<\/li><li>\u0640\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644 GIC \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0629 class 2<\/li><li>\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>5. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 (V. Sharma et al., 2011).<\/p><p>\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a (GIC) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 GIC \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c.<\/p><p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Alavi \u0648Kianimanesh\u060c 2002).<\/p><p>\u0640\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0644\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (K.M Rode \u0648Y.Kawano.\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2007).<\/p><ol start=\"5\"><li><strong> 1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a <\/strong><strong>GIC)<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646.\u060c \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0663\u0667\u066a\u062b\u0645 \u0646\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644 GIC \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a (L.Giachetti \u0648R.DScaminaci.\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c 2007).<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5861 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"196\" height=\"151\" \/><\/p><ol start=\"5\"><li><strong> 2. \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. <\/strong><\/li><li><strong> 2. 1. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a <\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c. \u062b\u0645 \u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a (I.E. Anderson, J.W., et al,2002).<\/p><ol start=\"5\"><li><strong> 2. 2. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644 GIC \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629. (G.M.Knight,2011). \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a GIC \u0662\u0660 \u0625\u0644\u0649 40 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 (G.M.Knight, 2011).<\/p><ol start=\"5\"><li><strong> 2. 3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644 <\/strong><strong>GIC<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 (M.Bernard., et al 2007) \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c (K.Hand.\u060c et al 1997). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 GI \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0641\u0634\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 GI \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00bb\u00bb\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c (RMGI) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 GI \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 GI \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p><p>. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 RMGI \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 GI \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a (Irie and K. Suzuki, 2000.M)<\/p><p>\u00a0\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640 GIC\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0631.\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 GIC \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 GIC \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c (G.J. Mount, 2011).<\/p><p>\u00a0\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 C-Factor \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 (A.J.\u060c et al\u060c 2011).<\/p><p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0636 &#8220;\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 (K. Tolidis.\u060c et al\u060c 2013). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5862 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture3-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture3-2.png 241w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture3-2-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 241px) 100vw, 241px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5863 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Picture4-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"242\" height=\"239\" \/><\/p><p>A\/ \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0646 25\u060c B\/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0643\u0633 \u0646\u062e\u0631\u060c C\/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0D\/ \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 GIC \u0643\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c E\/ \u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644 GIC\u060c F\/ \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629\u060c G\/ \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0629\u060cH \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/p><ol start=\"6\"><li><strong> \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631.<\/p><ol start=\"6\"><li><strong> 1. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634. \u062b\u0645 \u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631.\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 2 \u0645\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a. (GeoffreyMKnight,2018).<\/p><ol start=\"6\"><li><strong> 2. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a <\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c\u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a<\/p><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0641 (GeoffreyMKnight, 2018). \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 40 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629.<\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 . \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634. (GeoffreyMKnight\u060c 2018).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebf3ad7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebf3ad7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Alavi A. and N. Kianimanesh,2002. \u201cMicroleakage of direct and indirect composite restorations with three dentin bonding agents,\u201d Oper Dent:27(1)19-24.<\/li><li>J. Feilzer, A.I. Kakaboura and C.L. Davidson,2011. \u201c The influence of water sorption on the development of setting shrinkage stress in traditional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements,\u201d Dent Mater ;11:186-190.<\/li><li>Berg JH,2002. Glass ionomer cements Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 25, No 5.<\/li><li>Berg JH,2002. Glass ionomer cements Pediatric Dentistry, Volume 25, No 5. 4.<\/li><li>Bouschlicher MR, Vargas MA, Boyer DB,1997. Effect of composite type, light intensity, configuration factor and laser polymerization on polymerization contraction forces. Am J Dent. 10:88-96.<\/li><li>Br Dent J. 2000,\u201d Biomaterials technique ;22:1401-6.<\/li><li>Fortin, M.A. Vargas and E.J. Swift,2010. \u201cBonding of resin composites to resin-modified glass ionomers,\u201d Am J Dent. 8: 201-4.<\/li><li>Geoffrey M Knight,2018 (Private Practice) , Victoria , Australia.<\/li><li>PoojaArora,2013. Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, U.P, India Vol. 2, Issue 8.<\/li><li>Vineeta Nikhil Professor and HOD,2013. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, U.P, India Vol. 2, Issue 8.<\/li><li>Vipin Arora Professor,2013. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, U.P, India Vol. 2, Issue 8.<\/li><li>shefali,(2013) Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College, Meerut, U.P, India. Vol. 2, Issue 8.<\/li><li>J. Mount,2011. \u201cThe tensile strength of the union betweenvarious glass ionomer cements and various composite resins,\u201d Aust Dent J; 34: 136-46.<\/li><li>M. Knight,2011. \u201cOpen and Closed Sandwiches\u201d Aesthetic Update may:38-9.<\/li><li>Giachetti et al.,2007. A review of polymerization shrinkage stress: current techniques for posterior direct resin restorations Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, Volume 7, No. 4, 2CIJ6. 2.<\/li><li>Hagge et al.,2001. Effect of four intermediate layer treatments on microleakage of Class II composite restorations General Dentistry, Volume 49, No 2,. 6.<\/li><li>Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Kaga M, Endo K, Sano H, Oguchi H,2000. In vivo degradation of resin-dentin bonds in humans over 1 to 3 years. J Dent Res. 79(6):1385-1391.<\/li><li>Hewlett ERand Mount GJ,2003. Glass ionomers in contemporary restorative dentistry-a clinical update. J Calif Dent Assoc.31(6):438-492. 5.<\/li><li>E. Anderson, J.W. Dijken and P. H\u00f6rsted,2002. \u201cModified Class IIopen-sandwich restorations: Evaluation of interfacial adaptation and influence<\/li><li>Tolidis, A. Nobecourt and R.C. Randall,2013. \u201cEffect of a resin-modified glass ionomer liner on volumetric polymerization shrinkage of various composite;Dent mater;14:417-42333.<\/li><li>M. Rode,2007. Y. Kawano and M.L. Turbino, \u201cEvaluation of curing light distance on resin composite microhardness and polymerization,\u201doperative Dentistery:32(6)571-578.<\/li><li>Giachetti, R.D. Scaminaci, F. Bertini, F. Pierleoni and M. Nieri,2007. \u201cEffect of operator skill in relation to microleakage of total-etch and selfetch bonding system\u201dJournal of dentistery:35(4)289-293.<\/li><li>Liebenberg W,2005 Return to the resin-modified glass-ionomer cement sandwich technique. J Can Dent Assoc. 71(10):743-747.<\/li><li>Loguercio AD, Alessandra R, Mazzocco KC, et al.,2002. Microleakage in class II composite resin restorations: total bonding and open sandwich technique. J Adhes Dent. 4(2):137-144.<\/li><li>Bernardo, H. Luis, M.D. Martin, B.G. Leroux, T Rue, J Leitao and TA DeRouen,2007. \u201c Survival and reasons for failure of amalgam versus composite posterior restorations placed in a randomized clinical trial,\u201d Journal of the American Dental Association; 138:775-83.<\/li><li>Irie and K. Suzuki,2000. \u201cMarginal seal of resin-modified glass ionomers and compomers: effect of delaying polishing procedure after one-day storage,\u201d Operative Dentistry; 25:488-96.<\/li><li>R. Towler, A.J. Bushby, R.W. Billington and R.G. Hill,2013, \u201cA Preliminary comparison of the mechanical properties of chemically cured and ultrasonically cured glass ionomer cements, using nano-indentation t Wilson AD, Kent BE. New translucent cement for dentistry. The glass ionomer cement.<\/li><li>Milicich G. A,2005. resin impression SEM technique for examining the GIC chemical fusion zone. J Microsc. 217(Pt1):44-48.<\/li><li>K. Sidhu and G. Schmalz ,2001.\u201cThe biocompatibility of glass-ionomer cement materials: a status report for the American Journal of Dentistry,AMJdent.;14:387-96.<\/li><li>Suzuki et al,2000. Glass ionomer composite sandwich technique, Journal of the American Dental Association, Volume 120. 3.<\/li><li>Tantbirojn et al.,2009. Inhibition of dentin demineralization adjacent to a glass-ionomer\/composite sandwich restoration Quintessence Int. 40(4):287-94. 5<\/li><li>Tantbirojn et al.,2009. Inhibition of dentin demineralization adjacent to a glass-ionomer\/composite sandwich restoration Quintessence International, Volume 40, No 4.<\/li><li>Raj, G.V. Macedo and A.V. Ritter,2007. \u201cLongevity of posterior composite restorations,\u201d Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry; 19:3-5.<\/li><li>Sharma, S. Kumar, S. G. Nishad, A. Tomer and M. Sharma,2011. SEM evaluation of the effect of fiber placement or flowable resin lining on microlekage in classII adhesive restoration:an invitro study Journal of interdisciplinary Dentisteryjan-Jun;1(1):22-7,3.<\/li><li>Versluis A, Douglas WH, Cross M, et al.,2000. Does an incremental filling techniquereduce polymerization shrinkage stresses Jdent res.75:871-8.<\/li><li>Versluis A, Tantbirojn D, Douglas WH,2003. Do dental composites always shrink toward the light? J Dent Res. 77:11<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a19f4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-social-share\" data-id=\"6a19f4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-social-share.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"ekit_socialshare\">\n                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7954b34\" data-social=\"facebook\">\n                    <div class=\"facebook\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-facebook\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1bded62\" data-social=\"whatsapp\">\n                    <div class=\"whatsapp\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-whatsapp-1\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-0adffd0\" data-social=\"telegram\">\n                    <div class=\"telegram\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-telegram\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e59763 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9e59763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">[IT_EPOLL_VOTING id=\"5854\"][\/IT_EPOLL_VOTING]\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09aaf87 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"09aaf87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f1622 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29f1622\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b546312 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b546312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-837c5e3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"837c5e3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c201cde e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c201cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4040660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4040660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fd93c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fd93c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u00a0 \u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ce0a56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ce0a56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a38c44a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a38c44a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e936ac4 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"e936ac4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 16-68.7zm-139.9 29.3l-63.8 185.5c19.1 5.6 39.2 8.7 60.1 8.7 24.8 0 48.5-4.3 70.6-12.1-.6-.9-1.1-1.9-1.5-2.9l-65.4-179.2zm183-120.7c.9 6.8 1.4 14 1.4 21.9 0 21.6-4 45.8-16.2 76.2l-65 187.9C426.2 403 468.7 334.5 468.7 256c0-37-9.4-71.8-26-102.1zM504 256c0 136.8-111.3 248-248 248C119.2 504 8 392.7 8 256 8 119.2 119.2 8 256 8c136.7 0 248 111.2 248 248zm-11.4 0c0-130.5-106.2-236.6-236.6-236.6C125.5 19.4 19.4 125.5 19.4 256S125.6 492.6 256 492.6c130.5 0 236.6-106.1 236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/library.wpu.edu.sy\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 16-68.7zm-139.9 29.3l-63.8 185.5c19.1 5.6 39.2 8.7 60.1 8.7 24.8 0 48.5-4.3 70.6-12.1-.6-.9-1.1-1.9-1.5-2.9l-65.4-179.2zm183-120.7c.9 6.8 1.4 14 1.4 21.9 0 21.6-4 45.8-16.2 76.2l-65 187.9C426.2 403 468.7 334.5 468.7 256c0-37-9.4-71.8-26-102.1zM504 256c0 136.8-111.3 248-248 248C119.2 504 8 392.7 8 256 8 119.2 119.2 8 256 8c136.7 0 248 111.2 248 248zm-11.4 0c0-130.5-106.2-236.6-236.6-236.6C125.5 19.4 19.4 125.5 19.4 256S125.6 492.6 256 492.6c130.5 0 236.6-106.1 236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpua\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 16-68.7zm-139.9 29.3l-63.8 185.5c19.1 5.6 39.2 8.7 60.1 8.7 24.8 0 48.5-4.3 70.6-12.1-.6-.9-1.1-1.9-1.5-2.9l-65.4-179.2zm183-120.7c.9 6.8 1.4 14 1.4 21.9 0 21.6-4 45.8-16.2 76.2l-65 187.9C426.2 403 468.7 334.5 468.7 256c0-37-9.4-71.8-26-102.1zM504 256c0 136.8-111.3 248-248 248C119.2 504 8 392.7 8 256 8 119.2 119.2 8 256 8c136.7 0 248 111.2 248 248zm-11.4 0c0-130.5-106.2-236.6-236.6-236.6C125.5 19.4 19.4 125.5 19.4 256S125.6 492.6 256 492.6c130.5 0 236.6-106.1 236.6-236.6z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 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href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-wordpress\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M61.7 169.4l101.5 278C92.2 413 43.3 340.2 43.3 256c0-30.9 6.6-60.1 18.4-86.6zm337.9 75.9c0-26.3-9.4-44.5-17.5-58.7-10.8-17.5-20.9-32.4-20.9-49.9 0-19.6 14.8-37.8 35.7-37.8.9 0 1.8.1 2.8.2-37.9-34.7-88.3-55.9-143.7-55.9-74.3 0-139.7 38.1-177.8 95.9 5 .2 9.7.3 13.7.3 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l77.5 230.4L249.8 247l-33.1-90.8c-11.5-.7-22.3-2-22.3-2-11.5-.7-10.1-18.2 1.3-17.5 0 0 35.1 2.7 56 2.7 22.2 0 56.7-2.7 56.7-2.7 11.5-.7 12.8 16.2 1.4 17.5 0 0-11.5 1.3-24.3 2l76.9 228.7 21.2-70.9c9-29.4 16-50.5 16-68.7zm-139.9 29.3l-63.8 185.5c19.1 5.6 39.2 8.7 60.1 8.7 24.8 0 48.5-4.3 70.6-12.1-.6-.9-1.1-1.9-1.5-2.9l-65.4-179.2zm183-120.7c.9 6.8 1.4 14 1.4 21.9 0 21.6-4 45.8-16.2 76.2l-65 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":6341,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5850","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5850"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5850\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6527,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5850\/revisions\/6527"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}