{"id":6732,"date":"2025-06-28T08:25:04","date_gmt":"2025-06-28T08:25:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/?p=6732"},"modified":"2025-06-28T09:24:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-28T09:24:15","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-water-desalination-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b9%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%87-water-desalination-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%b9%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (Water Desalination) \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u2013"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"6732\" class=\"elementor elementor-6732\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b94c85c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b94c85c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a086b51 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a086b51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-663a58f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"663a58f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">\u0627\u0644\u0640\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0640\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0629<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 15px;\">Student Oasis of Al-Wataniya Private University<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f632166 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f632166\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d94519 eael_simple_menu_hamburger_disable_selected_menu_no eael-simple-menu-hamburger-align-right eael-hamburger--tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-simple-menu\" data-id=\"5d94519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-simple-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\n                        @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) {\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-horizontal,\n                                .eael-simple-menu-vertical {\n                                    display: none;\n                                }\n                            }\n                            .eael-hamburger--tablet {\n                                .eael-simple-menu-container .eael-simple-menu-toggle {\n                                    display: block;\n                                }\n                            }\n                        }\n                    <\/style>            <div data-hamburger-icon=\"&lt;svg aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 448 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" data-indicator-icon=\"&lt;svg aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot; class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 320 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" data-dropdown-indicator-icon=\"&lt;svg class=&quot;e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-down&quot; viewBox=&quot;0 0 320 512&quot; xmlns=&quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M143 352.3L7 216.3c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l22.6-22.6c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l96.4 96.4 96.4-96.4c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.6 22.6c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9l-136 136c-9.2 9.4-24.4 9.4-33.8 0z&quot;&gt;&lt;\/path&gt;&lt;\/svg&gt;\" class=\"eael-simple-menu-container eael-simple-menu-align-center eael-simple-menu-dropdown-align-right preset-1\" data-hamburger-breakpoints=\"{&quot;mobile&quot;:&quot;Mobile Portrait (&gt; 767px)&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;:&quot;Tablet Portrait (&gt; 1024px)&quot;,&quot;desktop&quot;:&quot;Desktop (&gt; 2400px)&quot;,&quot;none&quot;:&quot;None&quot;}\" data-hamburger-device=\"tablet\">\n                <ul id=\"menu-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9\" class=\"eael-simple-menu eael-simple-menu-dropdown-animate-to-top eael-simple-menu-indicator eael-simple-menu-horizontal\"><li id=\"menu-item-399\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-399\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-8\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6689\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6689\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-6682\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-6682\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-%D8%A7-6\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-90\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-90\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-10\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-10\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-115\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-115\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-116\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-116\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-14\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-12\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-219\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-219\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-220\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-220\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-284\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-284\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646<span role=\"button\" class=\"dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\" aria-haspopup=\"true\"><\/span><\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-15\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-389\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-389\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-283\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-283\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a-\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c-\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628-\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\/\" class=\"menu-link\">\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-4119\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-4119\"><a href=\"#pll_switcher\" class=\"menu-link\">\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>                <button class=\"eael-simple-menu-toggle\">\n                    <span class=\"sr-only \">Hamburger Toggle Menu<\/span>\n                    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z\"><\/path><\/svg>                <\/button>\n            <\/div>\n            \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65c8d34 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"65c8d34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be4292 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6be4292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-730bc4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"730bc4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 :  \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (Water Desalination) \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u2013\n\n<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b23930 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9b23930\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e7fa94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e7fa94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 - \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629- <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02bfcd2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"02bfcd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41f1c49 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"41f1c49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0f6054 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e0f6054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=GjF5QQMAAAAJ\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/81d4f711-fb04-49b2-9b73-df27e9439d12-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6736\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&#038;user=GjF5QQMAAAAJ\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\"> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 : \u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\n<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0db6ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d0db6ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0d5ad8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f0d5ad8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3fb952 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b3fb952\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/5c740401-7d5f-43b6-b0d9-3324c686dc28-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6737\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0639   <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b544244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b544244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d869a9 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0d869a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6738\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0623\u063a\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43f3ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"43f3ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-855c65c elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"855c65c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6739\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631.jpg 610w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4435c76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4435c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd99f6 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"0dd99f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-6740\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">\u063a\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2bf4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e2bf4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdc4baa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fdc4baa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3d6bc4 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"c3d6bc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 ( \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02dc767 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"02dc767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/\u062f.\u0631\u0628\u0627-\u062f.\u0647\u0628\u0647-\u0645\u0639-\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6066a74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6066a74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35e894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c35e894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u00a0<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a [1,2]. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 [3]\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 (MSF)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a (RO) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631. [4,5]<\/p><p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>1-1 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p><p>\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647[6] \u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 (MSF) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1885 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 G. and J. Weir [7]\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 Weir Westgarth\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Weir Westgarth \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 135 \u0645\u00b3\/\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.[8]<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a (RO)[8] \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0629. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1748 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.[9]<\/p><p>\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1956 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a 1959\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 1965 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 19 \u0645\u00b3\/\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627[6]. \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 11,350 \u0645\u00b3\/\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 56,800 \u0645\u00b3\/\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. [9]<\/p><p><strong>2- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0635\u0646\u0641 &#8220;Alkaisi&#8221; \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a (SSD)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 (SC)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 (HDH). \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a (MVC)\u00a0 .[11,12]<\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a.[13]<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a (RO) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (ED) \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (IXR) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a (FO)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a (NF)\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 (CDI)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 .[14]<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6745 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture2-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture2-2.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture2-2-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (2) \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2-1 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.[19] \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627:<\/p><p>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0\u00a0 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c\u00a0 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/p><p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 MSF\u060c MED\u060c TVC\u060c MD\u060c SC\u060c HDH \u0648SSD \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 SC\u060c HDH\u060c \u0648SSD \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 MVC\u060c RO\u060c NF\u060c \u0648SRF\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/p><p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a (ED) \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 (CDI) \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.[15]<\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (IXR)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a (FO)\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a.<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a.[16]<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6746 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture3-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture3-1.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture3-1-300x163.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (3) \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0644 (Joule Effect) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629.[17]<\/p><p><strong>2-2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 -\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644(<\/strong><strong>Multi-Effect Distillation<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><\/p><p>\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 MED \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 fouling \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 MED \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d.[18,19]<\/p><p>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u00a0MED \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 heat recovery\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (&lt;90\u00b0C) \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. (&gt;90\u00b0C) \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 waste heat\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629[20].<\/p><p>\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 120\u00b0C \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u00a0CaSO\u2084 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 MED \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.[21]<\/p><p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u00a0thin film \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 4 \u0625\u0644\u0649 21[22]<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6747 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture4.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture4-300x135.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (4) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644)<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2-3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a<\/strong> <strong>(RO):<br \/><\/strong>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628.[23]<\/p><p>&#8220;\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a. [24]<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6748 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture5-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture5-1.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture5-1-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (5) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644 <\/strong><strong>RO<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2-4 <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/strong><strong> (FO):<\/strong><\/p><p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629.[25]<\/p><p>&#8220;\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628[26] .<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6749 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture6.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture6-300x161.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (6) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644 <\/strong><strong>FO<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>2-5 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/strong><strong> (MD):<br \/><\/strong>\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 [27].<\/p><p>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d (. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 [28] .<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6750 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture8.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"665\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture8.png 665w, https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/wpus\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Picture8-300x156.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 (8) \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p><p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (MSF,MED) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629(RO).<\/p><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 8 [29,28]. \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631(DCMD)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 [[32,30.<\/p><p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062dSGMD) ) , \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 AGMD\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 DCMD \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a.<\/p><p>\u00a0\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 31]]. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a VMD))\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 [. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 32]].<\/p><p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2020 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b <\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Domenico Curto<\/span> <\/strong><\/p><p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f77213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f77213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>:References<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Wetterau, G.; Moch, I.; Frenkel, V.; Huehmer, R.; Hunt, H.; Kiefer, K.; Pankratz, T.; Sethi, S.; Silverman, G.; Trussel, S.; et al. Desalination of Seawater\u2014M61, 1st ed.; American Water Works Association: Denver, CO, USA, 2011.<\/li><li>Lior, N. Advances in Water Desalination; Lior, N., Ed.; John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012; ISBN 9781118347737.<\/li><li>Alnajdi, O.; Wu, Y.; Calautit, J.K. Toward a sustainable decentralizedwater supply: Review of adsorption desorption desalination (ADD) and current technologies: Saudi Arabia (SA) as a case study. Water <strong>2020<\/strong>, 12, 1111.<\/li><li>Al-Othman, A.; Darwish, N.N.; Qasim, M.; Tawalbeh, M.; Darwish, N.A.; Hilal, N. Nuclear desalination: A state-of-the-art review. Desalination <strong>2019<\/strong>, 457, 39\u201361.<\/li><li>Lee, K.P.; Arnot, T.C.; Mattia, D. A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination-Development to date and future potential. J. Membr. Sci. <strong>2011<\/strong>, 370, 1\u201322. \u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>Rognoni, M. La Dissalazione Dell\u2019acqua di Mare. Descrizione, Analisi e Valutazione Delle Principali Tecnologie, 1st ed.; Dario Flaccovio Editore s.r.l.: Palermo, Italy, 2010; ISBN 9788857900308.<\/li><li>Weir,W.V. The Weir Group: The History of a Scottish Engineering Legend; Profile Books: London, UK, 2008; ISBN 978-1861978868.<\/li><li>AmioWater Treatment Ltd. AMIOWater Technology. Available online: http:\/\/www.amiowater.com\/technology (accessed on 3 January 2021).<\/li><li>Alkaisi, A.; Mossad, R.; Sharifian-Barforoush, A. A Review of the Water Desalination Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy. Energy Procedia <strong>2017<\/strong>, 110, 268\u2013274.<\/li><li>Zimerman, Z. Development of large capacity high efficiency mechanical vapor compression (MVC) units. Desalination 1994, 96, 51\u201358.<\/li><li>Bahar, R.; Hawlader, M.N.A.; Woei, L.S. Performance evaluation of a mechanical vapor compression desalination system. Desalination 2004, 166, 123\u2013127.<\/li><li>Xu, T. Ion exchange membranes: State of their development and perspective. J. Membr. Sci. 2005, 263, 1\u201329.<\/li><li>Talaeipour, M.; Nouri, J.; Hassani, A.H.; Mahvi, A.H. An investigation of desalination by nanofiltration, reverse osmosis and integrated (hybrid NF\/RO) membranes employed in brackish water treatment. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2017, 15, 1\u20139. \u00a0[PubMed]<\/li><li>Sangwai, J.S.; Patel, R.S.; Mekala, P.; Mech, D.; Busch, M. Desalination of seawater using gas hydrate technology\u2014Current status and future direction. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Hydraulics,Water Resources, Coastal and Environmental Engineering, HYDRO 2013 International, Madras, India, 4\u20136 December 2013; pp. 434\u2013440.<\/li><li>Ma, Q.; Lu, H.Wind energy technologies integrated with desalination systems: Review and state-of-the-art. Desalination <strong>2011<\/strong>, 277, 274\u2013280.<\/li><li>Ullah, I.; Rasul, M.G. Recent developments in solar thermal desalination technologies: A review. Energies <strong>2019<\/strong>, 12, 119.<\/li><li>Goosen, M.; Mahmoudi, H.; Ghaffour, N. Water Desalination using geothermal energy. Energies <strong>2010<\/strong>, 3, 1423\u20131442.<\/li><li>Al-Shammiri, M.; Safar, M. Multi-effect distillation plants: State of the art. Desalination 1999, 126, 45\u201359<\/li><li>Shatat, M.; Riffat, S.B.Water desalination technologies utilizing conventional and renewable energy sources. Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. 2014, 9, 1\u201319.<\/li><li>Buros, O.K. The ABCs of Desalting; International Desalination Association: Topsfield, MA, USA, 2000.<\/li><li>Blagin, E.V.; Shimanov, A.A.; Gorshkalev, A.A. Determination of the Criteria for Comparative Analysis of Desalination Plant. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 264.<\/li><li>Sethi, S.; Wetterau, G. Seawater Desalination Overview. In Desalination of Seawater\u2014Manual of Water Supply Practices, M61 American Water Works Association (AWWA):<\/li><li>Helfer, F.; Lemckert, C.; Anissimov, Y.G. Osmotic power with Pressure Retarded Osmosis: Theory, performance and trends\u2014Areview. J. Membr. Sci. 2014, 453, 337\u2013358.<\/li><li>Han, G.; Zhang, S.; Li, X.; Chung, T.S. High performance thin film composite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes for renewable salinity-gradient energy generation. J. Membr. Sci. <strong>2013<\/strong>, 440, 108\u2013121.<\/li><li>Chekli, L.; Phuntsho, S.; Kim, J.E.; Kim, J.; Choi, J.Y.; Choi, J.S.; Kim, S.; Kim, J.H.; Hong, S.; Sohn, J.; et al. A comprehensive review of hybrid forward osmosis systems: Performance, applications and future prospects. J. Membr. Sci. 2016, 497, 430\u2013449.<\/li><li>Mohammad, A.W.; Teow, Y.H.; Ang, W.L.; Chung, Y.T.; Oatley-Radcliffe, D.L.; Hilal, N. Nanofiltration membranes review: Recent advances and future prospects. Desalination 2015, 356, 226\u2013254<\/li><li>Chew, N.G.P.; Zhao, S.;Wang, R. Recent advances in membrane development for treating surfactant- and oil-containing feed streams via membrane distillation. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. <strong>2019<\/strong>, 273, 102022. \u00a0[PubMed]<\/li><li>Alkhudhiri, A.; Darwish, N.; Hilal, N. Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review. Desalination 2012, 287, 2\u201318.<\/li><li>Hsu, S.T.; Cheng, K.T.; Chiou, J.S. Seawater desalination by direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination <strong>2002<\/strong>, 143, 279\u2013287.<\/li><li>Upadhyaya, L.; Nene, S. Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Membrane Distillation in Downstream Processing. Curr. Biochem.<\/li><li>Eng. <strong>2015<\/strong>, 2, 102\u2013110. \u00a0\u00a0<\/li><li>Banat, F.A.; Simandl, J. Membrane distillation for dilute ethanol. J. Membr. Sci. <strong>1999<\/strong>, 163, 333\u2013348.<\/li><li>Khayet, M.; Cojocaru, C.; Baroudi, A. Modeling and optimization of sweeping gas membrane distillation. Desalination <strong>2012<\/strong>, 287, 159\u2013166.<\/li><\/ol><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c35df elementor-widget elementor-widget-elementskit-social-share\" data-id=\"07c35df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"elementskit-social-share.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ekit-wid-con\" >\t\t<ul class=\"ekit_socialshare\">\n                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-7954b34\" data-social=\"facebook\">\n                    <div class=\"facebook\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-facebook\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1bded62\" data-social=\"whatsapp\">\n                    <div class=\"whatsapp\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-whatsapp-1\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                            <li class=\"elementor-repeater-item-0adffd0\" data-social=\"telegram\">\n                    <div class=\"telegram\">\n                        \n                        <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icon icon-telegram\"><\/i>                        \n                                                                                                \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643                                                                                            <\/div>\n                <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd83bb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"bd83bb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">[IT_EPOLL_VOTING id=\"6741\"][\/IT_EPOLL_VOTING]\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c26c18 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7c26c18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1dfe0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f1dfe0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f727a4f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f727a4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2314a44 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2314a44\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04e4f5a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"04e4f5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1aa2a47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1aa2a47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b60cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"44b60cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2007 \u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u00a0 \u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%84%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a )<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/wpu.edu.sy\/%d9%83%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9\/\">\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb6c476 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eb6c476\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf4a842 elementor-widget 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