دراسة حول استخلاص نبات البقلة المحلي (Portulaca Oleracea) وتقييم معامل الحماية من الشمس (SPF) للمستخلصات المائية والإيثانولية.

[1] C. A. Baggerly et al., “Sunlight and vitamin D: Necessary for public health,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 359, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866.

[2] R. E. Neale et al., “The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health,” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1011–1047, May 2023, doi: 10.1007/S43630-023-00375-8.

[3] M. Battistin et al., “A new approach to UV protection by direct surface functionalization of TiO2 with the antioxidant polyphenol dihydroxyphenyl benzimidazole carboxylic acid,” Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 231, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/nano10020231.

[4] X. Zhu et al., “Protective effects of quercetin on UVB irradiation-induced cytotoxicity through ROS clearance in keratinocyte cells,” Oncology Reports, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 209–218, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.3892/OR.2016.5217.

[5] M. Sander, M. Sander, T. Burbidge, and J. Beecker, “The efficacy and safety of sunscreen use for the prevention of skin cancer,” CMAJ, vol. 192, no. 50, pp. E1802–E1808, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1503/CMAJ.201085.

[6] L. L. Guan, H. W. Lim, and T. F. Mohammad, “Sunscreens and photoaging: A review of current literature,” American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 819–828, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1007/S40257-021-00632-5.

[7] S. F’guyer, F. Afaq, and H. Mukhtar, “Photochemoprevention of skin cancer by botanical agents,” Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 56–72, 2003, doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00019.x.

[8] S. P. Paul, “Ensuring the safety of sunscreens, and their efficacy in preventing skin cancers: Challenges and controversies for clinicians, formulators, and regulators,” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 6, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00195.

[9] S. Santander Ballestín and M. J. Luesma Bartolomé, “Toxicity of different chemical components in sun cream filters and their impact on human health: A review,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 712, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/app13020712.

[10] D. L. Narayanan, R. N. Saladi, and J. L. Fox, “Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer,” International Journal of Dermatology, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 978–986, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04474.x.

[11] M. F. Holick, “Vitamin D deficiency,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 357, no. 3, pp. 266–281, Jul. 2007, doi: 10.1056/NEJMRA070553.

[12] A. Baldisserotto et al., “Moringa oleifera leaf extracts as multifunctional ingredients for ‘natural and organic’ sunscreens and photoprotective preparations,” Molecules, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 664, 2018, doi: 10.3390/molecules23030664.

[13] J. Y. S. Lee, E. Jung, J. Lee, S. Huh, C. G. Hyun, and Y. S. Kim, “Centella asiatica extract as a potential natural UV-protective agent,” Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1861–1868, 2020.

[14] D. Chanchal, S. Saraf, and V. K. Dixit, “Evaluation of SPF values of herbal formulations containing Azadirachta indica leaf extract,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 97–102, 2023.

[15] N. Khan, Z. Ahmad, S. Sultan, and A. Khan Tibbiya College, “Herbs with natural SPF properties used in Unani formulations—A review,” International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 7378–7380, 2024.

[16] M. Schlumpf, B. Cotton, M. Conscience, V. Haller, B. Steinmann, and W. Lichtensteiger, “In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 239–244, 2001, doi: 10.1289/ehp.01109239.

[17] M. K. Uddin, A. S. Juraimi, M. S. Hossain, M. A. U. Nahar, M. E. Ali, and M. M. Rahman, “Purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea): A prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes,” Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, p. 951019, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/951019.

[18] A. P. Simopoulos, “Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in edible wild plants,” Biological Research, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 263–277, 2004, doi: 10.4067/S0716-97602004000200013.

[19] A. Budiawan, A. Purwanto, L. Puradewa, E. D. Cahyani, and C. E. Purwaningsih, “Wound healing activity and flavonoid contents of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) of various varieties,” RSC Advances, vol. 13, no. 15, p. 9871, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1039/D3RA00868A.

[20] Y. Li, L. Xiao, H. Yan, M. Wu, X. Hao, and H. Liu, “Nutritional values, bioactive compounds and health benefits of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): A comprehensive review,” Food Science and Human Wellness, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 2480–2501, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250203.

[21] E. A. Dutra, D. A. G. da Costa e Oliveira, E. R. M. Kedor-Hackmann, and M. I. R. M. Santoro, “Determination of sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry,” Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 381–385, 2004, doi: 10.1590/S1516-93322004000300014.

[22] B. L. Diffey, P. R. Tanner, P. J. Matts, and J. F. Nash, “In vitro assessment of the broad-spectrum ultraviolet protection of sunscreen products,” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1024–1035, 2000, doi: 10.1067/mjd.2000.109291.

[23] M. Pelizzo, E. Zattra, P. Nicolosi, A. Peserico, D. Garoli, and M. Alaibac, “In vitro evaluation of sunscreens: An update for the clinicians,” ISRN Dermatology, vol. 2012, p. 352135, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.5402/2012/352135.

[24] T. Dhanani, S. Shah, N. A. Gajbhiye, and S. Kumar, “Effect of extraction methods on yield, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, pp. S1193–S1199, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.015.

[25] R. M. Sayre, P. P. Agin, G. J. LeVee, and E. Marlowe, “A comparison of in vivo and in vitro testing of sunscreening formulas,” Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 559–566, 1979, doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07090.x.

[26] A. A. Abdalla, I. Mustafa, A. M. Makhawi, and M. I. Mustafa, “Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities studies of Acacia nilotica fruit cover,” bioRxiv, p. 2020.02.11.943456, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1101/2020.02.11.943456.

[27] G. L. P. Ramya, P. M. Vasanth, P. V. Prasad, and V. Sarath Babu, “Qualitative phytochemical screening tests of Alpinia,” World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 1064, 2019, doi: 10.20959/wjpr20195-14624.

[28] K. Godlewska et al., “Effect of botanical extracts on the growth and nutritional quality of field-grown white head cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata),” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 7, p. 1992, 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26071992.

[29] L. S. Putra, J. Sukweenadhi, C. Nathania, E. S. Wibowo, G. Buschle-Diller, and M. G. Marianti Purwanto, “Comparative study of polyphenolic compound extraction from empty palm fruit bunches and sugarcane pulp,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 2, p. e08951, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08951.

[30] S. I. Fadhila, E. K. Hayati, M. Rafi, and A. Sabarudin, “Effect of ethanol-water concentration as extraction solvent on antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica,” Al-Kimiya, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 133–142, 2023, doi: 10.15575/ak.v10i2.30081.

[31] D. Vicente-Zurdo, E. Gómez-Mejía, S. Morante-Zarcero, N. Rosales-Conrado, and I. Sierra, “Analytical strategies for green extraction, characterization, and bioactive evaluation of polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, and fatty acids in agri-food bio-residues,” Molecules, vol. 30, no. 6, p. 1326, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/molecules30061326.

[32] S. M. Ferreira, S. M. Gomes, and L. Santos, “A novel approach in skin care: By-product extracts as natural UV filters and an alternative to synthetic ones,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 5, p. 2037, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/molecules28052037.

[33] E. Gil-Martín, T. Forbes-Hernández, A. Romero, D. Cianciosi, F. Giampieri, and M. Battino, “Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products,” Food Chemistry, vol. 378, p. 131918, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131918.

[34] L. Li, L. Chong, T. Huang, Y. Ma, Y. Li, and H. Ding, “Natural products and extracts from plants as natural UV filters for sunscreens: A review,” Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 183, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1002/ame2.12295.

[35] Y. X. Zhou, H. L. Xin, K. Rahman, S. J. Wang, C. Peng, and H. Zhang, “Portulaca oleracea L.: A review of phytochemistry and pharmacological effects,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, 2015, doi: 10.1155/2015/925631.

[36] V. Ghorani, S. Saadat, M. R. Khazdair, Z. Gholamnezhad, H. El-Seedi, and M. H. Boskabady, “Phytochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and antioxidant effects of Portulaca oleracea L.: A comprehensive review,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2023, no. 1, p. 2075444, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/2075444.

[37] E. Romano, G. Domínguez-Rodríguez, L. Mannina, A. Cifuentes, and E. Ibáñez, “Characterization of non-polar and polar bioactive compounds obtained by pressurized biobased solvents from different Arctium lappa L. root ecotypes,” Applied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 2491, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/app15052491.